al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Ibn Sina and al-Urmawi Articlesal-Kindi: the ancient foundation of makam therapy al-Farabi: the ethnomusicological foundation of makam therapy Ibn Sina: the medical foundation of makam therapy al-Urmawi: the tonal foundation of makam therapy Doc navigation← Melody patterns in Gregorian chant and makam musicThe historical medico-musical sources of Turkish Makam Therapy → How can we help? Name Email Subject Message